tube and pipe fabrication-0

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,需要通过父级DOM结构来判断 */ var trackActionPhone = function (node) { var nodeInnerText = node.innerText || ''; if (!limitRegLength(nodeInnerText)) return; var nodeText = trimText(nodeInnerText); if (nodeText.length < 5 || nodeText.length > 20) return false; var type = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : 'click'; var str = trimText(node.href || nodeText || ''); if (phoneReg.test(str) && numUseReg.test(str)) { window.postMessage({ type: 'SHOPS_CONTACT_TRACK', data: { phone: nodeText, }, }, '*'); _paq.push(['trackEvent', type, 'phone', nodeText]); return true; } /** 排查父级嵌套非标签场景,并且对dom的正则校验做一个性能兜底,通过控制innerText的长度,来确保正则的性能 */ var fatherText = trimText(node.parentNode.innerText || ''); if (fatherText.length < 5 || fatherText.length > 20) return false; if (phoneReg.test(fatherText) && numUseReg.test(fatherText)) { window.postMessage({ type: 'SHOPS_CONTACT_TRACK', data: { phone: nodeText, }, }, '*'); _paq.push(['trackEvent', type, 'phone', nodeText]); return true; } return false; }; window.addEventListener('click', function (e) { var node = e.target; /** 社媒点击 */ var appName = ''; var getAppAriaLabel = node.ariaLabel || node.parentNode.ariaLabel || ''; if (mediaList.includes(getAppAriaLabel.toLowerCase())) { appName = getAppAriaLabel; } if ( !appName && node.nodeName && node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'a' ) { appName = getMediaName(node.href) || getMediaName(node.alt); } if ( !appName && node.nodeName && node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'img' ) { appName = getMediaName(node.alt) || getMediaName(node.src); } if ( !appName && node.nodeName && node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'i' ) { appName = getMediaName(node.className); } if (appName) { _paq.push(['trackEvent', 'click', 'contactApp', appName]); return; } /** 联系方式点击 */ if (trackActionPhone(node, 'click')) return; if (node.nodeName && node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'a') { var val = node.href; if (!limitRegLength(val)) return; if (emailReg.test(val)) { window.postMessage({ type: 'SHOPS_CONTACT_TRACK', data: { email: val, }, }, '*'); _paq.push(['trackEvent', 'click', 'email', val]); return; } } if (node.nodeName && node.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'i') { var val = node.className; var content = node.parentNode.href || ''; if (val.includes('email')) { window.postMessage({ type: 'SHOPS_CONTACT_TRACK', data: { email: content, }, }, '*'); _paq.push(['trackEvent', 'click', 'email', content]); return; } } var nodeChildList = node.childNodes; for (var i = 0; i < nodeChildList.length; i++) { if (nodeChildList[i].nodeType !== 3) continue; var val = nodeChildList[i].textContent.replace(/\s?:?/g, ''); if (!limitRegLength(val)) continue; if (emailReg.test(val)) { window.postMessage({ type: 'SHOPS_CONTACT_TRACK', data: { email: val, }, }, '*'); _paq.push(['trackEvent', 'click', 'email', val]); return; } } trackNumberData(node); }); window.addEventListener('copy', function (e) { if (trackActionPhone(e.target, 'copy')) return; var text = e.target.textContent; if (!text) return; var val = text.replace(/\s:?/g, ''); if (!limitRegLength(val)) return; if (emailReg.test(val)) { window.postMessage({ type: 'SHOPS_CONTACT_TRACK', data: { email: val, }, }, '*'); _paq.push(['trackEvent', 'copy', 'email', val]); return; } trackNumberData(e.target); }); } trackContactInit(); /** * 基于custom_inquiry_form.js 以及 form.js 对于询盘表单提交的实现,来反推询盘表单的input标签触发,用来收集意向客户 * 1. 缓存的KEY:TRACK_INPUT_ID_MTM_00; * 2. 缓存策略 - lockTrackInput:单个页面内,10分钟内,不重复上报 */ function trackActionInput() { const CACHE_KEY = 'TRACK_INPUT_ID_MTM_00'; const pathName = window.location.hostname + window.location.pathname; var lockTrackInput = function () { try { const lastCacheData = localStorage.getItem(CACHE_KEY); if (!lastCacheData) return false; const cacheData = JSON.parse(lastCacheData); const cacheTime = cacheData[pathName]; if (!cacheTime) return false; return Date.now() - cacheTime < 1000 * 60 * 10; // 10分钟内,不重复上报 } catch (error) { console.error('lockTrackInput Error', error); return false; } }; var setInputTrackId = function () { try { const curCacheData = localStorage.getItem(CACHE_KEY); if (curCacheData) { const cacheData = JSON.parse(curCacheData); cacheData[pathName] = Date.now(); localStorage.setItem(CACHE_KEY, JSON.stringify(cacheData)); return; } const cacheData = { [pathName]: Date.now(), }; localStorage.setItem(CACHE_KEY, JSON.stringify(cacheData)); } catch (error) { console.error('setInputTrackId Error', error); } }; var getInputDom = function (initDom) { var ele = initDom; while (ele) { /** * isWebSiteForm 是站点的表单 * isChatWindowForm 是聊天窗口的表单 */ /** 旧模板表单 */ var isWebSiteForm = !!( /crm-form/i.test(ele.className) && ele.querySelector('form') ); /** 1:新模板自定义表单、2:Get a Quote 弹框表单 */ var isWebSiteFormNew = !!( /inquiry/i.test(ele.className) && ele.querySelector('form') ); if (isWebSiteForm || isWebSiteFormNew) { _paq.push(['trackEvent', 'formInquiry', 'formInput', 'page']); setInputTrackId(); return; } /** Mkt会话触达-聊天弹框的表单输入: MKT由于是iframe嵌入,所以MKT的上报,会单独写到MKT-form代码上 */ var isInquiryChatForm = !!( /comp-form/i.test(ele.className) && ele.querySelector('form') ); if (isInquiryChatForm) { _paq.push(['trackEvent', 'formInquiry', 'formInput', 'chat']); setInputTrackId(); return; } /** 向上查找父节点 */ ele = ele.parentNode; } }; function initInputListener() { var inputUseDebounce = function (fn, delay) { var timer = null; var that = this; return function () { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); if (timer) clearTimeout(timer); timer = setTimeout(function () { fn.apply(that, args); }, delay); }; }; var optimizeGetInputDom = inputUseDebounce(getInputDom, 300); window.addEventListener('input', function (e) { /** 如果已经上报过,则不再上报 */ if (lockTrackInput()) return; optimizeGetInputDom(e.target); }); } try { initInputListener(); } catch (error) { console.log('initInputListener Error', error); } } trackActionInput(); } /** 第三方消息上报:目前主要是针对全点托管会话;在msgCollect/index.js中调试,访问test.html */ function thirdMsgCollect() { /** 先检测是否是stayReal托管:如果stayReal脚本都没有,那么说明当前站点未开启stayReal会话托管 */ const scriptList = Array.prototype.slice.call( document.querySelectorAll('script'), ); const checkStayReal = () => !!scriptList.find((s) => s.src.includes('stayreal.xiaoman.cn')); if (!checkStayReal()) return; /** 缓存当前消息队列的最后一条消息id */ const CACHE_KEY = 'CACHE_KEY_MONITOR'; const setCache = (msgIndex) => { /** 对缓存KEY进行base64转码处理 */ const cacheMsgIndex = btoa(msgIndex); localStorage.setItem(CACHE_KEY, cacheMsgIndex); }; const getCache = () => { const cacheMsgIndex = localStorage.getItem(CACHE_KEY); if (cacheMsgIndex) return Number(atob(cacheMsgIndex)); return -1; }; /** 拉取最新msg列表 */ const pullMsgList = () => { const msgEleList = Array.prototype.slice.call( document.querySelectorAll('#chat-list li'), ); const msgIds = []; const msgMap = msgEleList.reduce((acc, item) => { const sendTime = item .querySelector('.message-data-time') .textContent.trim(); const sendContent = item.querySelector('.message').textContent.trim(); /** msg带有class:other-message的是访客消息,my-message的是客服消息 */ const isOtherMessage = item .querySelector('.message') .classList.contains('other-message'); const msgId = item.querySelector('.message').getAttribute('id'); const msgItemData = { msgId, user: isOtherMessage ? 'visitor' : 'official', time: sendTime, content: sendContent, }; msgIds.push(msgId); acc[msgId] = msgItemData; return acc; }, {}); return { ids: msgIds, dataMap: msgMap, }; }; /** 加密并上传消息数据 */ let ENCRYPT_KEY = 'de29f1aab63ab033'; let ENCRYPT_IV = 'b8d2badf875e76ac'; const baseUrl = 'https://cms.xiaoman.cn'; // var getEncryptConfig = function () { // const url = baseUrl + '/shop-api/innerApi/getKeyIv' // $.get( // url, // function (result) { // console.log('result', result) // if (Number(result.code) === 0 && result.data.key && result.data.iv) { // ENCRYPT_KEY = result.data.key // ENCRYPT_IV = result.data.iv // uploadMsgData() // } else { // /** 如果获取失败,则重试 */ // setTimeout(() => { // getEncryptConfig() // }, 1000) // } // }, // 'json' // ) // } // getEncryptConfig() const encryptMsg = function (msgData) { const enc = new TextEncoder(); // 转字节 const keyBytes = enc.encode(ENCRYPT_KEY); const ivBytes = enc.encode(ENCRYPT_IV); const plainBytes = enc.encode(msgData); // 导入密钥并加密 return crypto.subtle .importKey('raw', keyBytes, { name: 'AES-CBC' }, false, ['encrypt']) .then(function (cryptoKey) { return crypto.subtle.encrypt( { name: 'AES-CBC', iv: ivBytes }, cryptoKey, plainBytes, ); }) .then(function (encryptedBuffer) { // 转 base64 返回 return btoa( String.fromCharCode(...new Uint8Array(encryptedBuffer)), ); }) .catch((err) => { return Promise.reject(err); }); }; let uploadFlag = false; const uploadMsgData = function () { if (uploadFlag) return; uploadFlag = true; const { ids, dataMap } = pullMsgList(); let cacheMsgIndex = getCache(); const msgLen = ids.length; if (!msgLen) { // 消息DOM未挂载 || 消息DOM已挂载,但是消息列表为空 uploadFlag = false; return; } if (msgLen - 1 < cacheMsgIndex) { /** 针对站点挂后台一段时间,消息列表会自动塞入重复消息,导致消息有重复,刷新后又重置回正常消息列表,所以这里需要更新锚点下标 */ cacheMsgIndex = msgLen - 1; setCache(cacheMsgIndex); uploadFlag = false; return; } if (msgLen - 1 === cacheMsgIndex) { // 缓存的最后一次发送的消息ID是最后一条(说明当前消息均已经上报),则不跳过本地上报 uploadFlag = false; return; } const currentMsgIds = ids.slice(cacheMsgIndex + 1, msgLen); const currentMsgData = currentMsgIds.map((id) => dataMap[id]); const mtmId = window.matomo_site_id_cookie_key || ''; // 获取mtm会话id const msgBody = { mtmId, curl: window.location.href, msgList: currentMsgData, }; const msgBodyStr = JSON.stringify(msgBody); encryptMsg(msgBodyStr) .then(function (encryptedMsg) { console.log('encryptedMsg:', encryptedMsg, msgBodyStr); const url = baseUrl + '/shop-api/External/ListenSiteActiveStatus'; $.ajax({ type: 'POST', url, data: JSON.stringify({ d_v: encryptedMsg }), contentType: 'application/json', success: function (result) { if (Number(result.code) === 0) { // 更新消息队列 setCache(msgLen - 1); } uploadFlag = false; }, error: function (err) { console.error(err, '请求异常'); uploadFlag = false; }, }); }) .catch((err) => { console.error(err, '数据加密失败'); uploadFlag = false; }); }; /** 监控chat-list的DOM变更 */ const initChatListObserver = () => { // 需要监听的 DOM 节点 const target = document.getElementById('chat-list'); if (!target) return; // 回调函数 const callback = function (mutationsList, observer) { for (const mutation of mutationsList) { console.log('mutation', mutation); if (mutation.type === 'childList') { uploadMsgData(); } } }; // 配置 const config = { childList: true, // 监听子节点的增删 subtree: true, // 是否也监听后代节点 }; // 创建 observer const observer = new MutationObserver(callback); // 开始监听 observer.observe(target, config); }; let testCount = 30; let itv = null; const checkChatDom = () => !!document.querySelector('#vc-model'); const initTalkCheck = () => { itv = setTimeout(() => { console.log('checkChatDom', checkChatDom(), testCount); if (!checkChatDom() && testCount > 0) { testCount--; initTalkCheck(); return; } clearTimeout(itv); uploadMsgData(); initChatListObserver(); }, 1500); }; initTalkCheck(); } try { gtmTrack(); thirdMsgCollect(); console.log('inserted gtm code'); } catch (error) { console.error('gtmTrack Error', error); } }); })();
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Tube and Pipe Fabrication

Sep 17, 2026

Tube and pipe parts are specified by outside diameter and wall thickness, not by nominal bore, and the way a bend is called out decides whether the part can be made as drawn. This page explains how to specify tube on a drawing, and how cutting, bending and welding are controlled once it is correct.

How to specify tube on a drawing

What to state on a tube drawing - and why it matters
Parameter What to state Why it matters
Material and grade e.g. 304 stainless, carbon steel, 6061 aluminum Sets formability, weldability and corrosion resistance before any bending is planned
Outside diameter Exact OD in millimetres Tube is bought and bent by outside diameter; a nominal bore figure does not define the tube
Wall thickness Nominal wall in millimetres, or the gauge plus its standard Sets strength, weight and the minimum radius the tube can take without wrinkling
Bend radius Centreline radius, or the radius to outside diameter ratio Tighter radii need more support in the die and are confirmed at DFM review before tooling
Bend angle and positions Angle, plus the distance between bend tangent points Tube bending is controlled from tangent to tangent, not from the ends
End treatment Cut, deburred, notched, flattened, drilled, tapped or threaded Decides the follow-up operations and the fixture the part needs
Quantity and stage Prototype, trial run or production volume Decides whether bending runs on a CNC bender or a dedicated die

Cutting, bending and welding

  • Laser cutting of tube profiles and plate parts, holding around 0.1mm on cut and formed sheet metal work
  • CNC tube bending with programme-controlled bend positions, so repeat parts match from the first piece
  • MIG, TIG and spot welding of tube assemblies on jigs and fixtures for repeatable geometry
  • CNC machining of inserts, bosses and machined end features to around 0.01mm where the fit demands it
  • Zinc plating, powder coating, passivation and brushing as follow-up finishing

Proven on a 20,000-piece programme

On a motorcycle side mount bracket project we produced 20,000 pieces combining CNC tube bending with DFM-led revision of the assembly. That is the pattern for tube work: fix the specification and the bend call-out first, then the volume becomes a matter of tooling and fixture design rather than rework.

Tube, pipe, or formed sheet - which to choose

  • Tube is the efficient choice for stiffness and weight in frames, rails, handles and structural brackets
  • Formed sheet suits enclosures, guards, covers and brackets where a hollow section is not needed
  • Pipe is normally used where fluid is conveyed, and therefore where bore and pressure matter more than structural stiffness
  • Where a part needs both, tube and sheet are welded into one assembly rather than forced into a single process

Frequently asked questions

Is tube specified by inside diameter or outside diameter?

Structural tube is specified by outside diameter and wall thickness. Nominal bore only defines a pipe’s approximate flow size and does not define the outside diameter you will receive, so state OD and wall on the drawing.

What is the minimum bend radius for tube?

It depends on material, wall thickness and the ratio of the radius to the outside diameter, and it is confirmed at DFM review rather than assumed. If a drawing calls for a very tight radius, tell us the wall thickness and grade early so we can advise on the die and any need for a mandrel.

Do you bend square and rectangular tube?

Yes. Square and rectangular sections are bent with tooling matched to the section, and the achievable radius differs from round tube of the same size, so the section and radius should be stated together.

Can you supply welded tube assemblies, not just bent tube?

Yes. Tube can be cut, bent, notched and welded with brackets, plates and machined components into a finished assembly, then finished and supplied ready to install - which avoids tolerance problems between parts made by separate suppliers.

Which materials can you work with?

Stainless steel, carbon steel, aluminum, copper and brass. Material grade, wall thickness and finish are confirmed at DFM review against the load and the environment the part will see.

Related pages: welding and riveting parts, DFM guide, automotive and EV metal parts.